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  "documentTitle": "LEK Infrastructure Victoria AZZEV International Scan",
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      "text": "Permit availability: Countries with clearly defined processes attract more trials, even with restrictions on when and where the trials may take place. However factors such as weather, proximity to manufacturing location, and the presence of off-road training facilities have also played a role in trial location\nSafety driver: The progression from occupied vehicles to unmanned trials has occurred after confidence in a system has been established. This may boost or hinder public acceptance, depending on the outcome of trials\nLiability: Most jurisdictions place liability for incidents on manufacturer or permit holder while the vehicle is operating in autonomous mode",
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      "text": "Source: King&Wood Mallesons; Victoria Parliament; Ministry of Transport NZ",
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      "kind": "paragraph",
      "text": "One of the primary attraction for AV manufacturers testing their technology in a new jurisdiction is the conditions on the permits they must acquire before conducting trials.",
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      "text": "Permit requirement | Description | Implications for Victoria\nDiscretion in granting permits | Victoria reserves the right to decide whether a human driver is required for each trial permit. Conditions may be placed on the time and geography of the trial, alongside prior testing before trials take place. The permit holder is taken to be driving the vehicle while it is in autonomous mode. NSW can impose similar conditions to Victoria, but a safety driver must be present at all times | Australian state governments do not have a unified approach to trial permits. If desired Victoria could seek to more closely align its protocols with other states to attract greater trial activity to Australia\nStrict permit requirements | California enforces strict regulation on AV trials. The DMV has three autonomous vehicle permit options: testing with a driver, driverless testing and deployment. The manufacturer is bound 'under penalty of perjury' to comply with permit conditions under the laws of the state\nSouth Australia requires all trial details to be submitted in the permit, and mandates that details of the trial must be published online one month prior to commencement\nNo permit requirements | Western Australia has proceeded to host a number of autonomous vehicle trials without any specific legislation\nNew Zealand legislation does not explicitly state the need for a human driver, therefore there are fewer legal barriers to autonomous vehicle testing",
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      "kind": "title",
      "text": "Clear processes and reforms to enable trials are attractive to OEMs, and are common and effective in leading AV markets",
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