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  "docSlug": "jarvis-lek-infrastructure-victoria-azzev-international-scan",
  "documentTitle": "LEK Infrastructure Victoria AZZEV International Scan",
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  "notes": "The slide uses a circular process diagram to list the four revenue streams.",
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      "text": "Due to the high value of assets required to create a reliable bike share scheme, bike share companies require significant investment from venture capitalists to become established. Returns on the investment are generated through four revenue streams",
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      "text": "1. Usage Charges: Bike share schemes charge users for the time that they are using the bikes. Fees start at around $2/hour. Fees are typically not linked to the distance travelled, and are low in comparison to the asset maintenance and overheads\n2. Advertising: There are two sources for advertising in the bike sharing ecosystem. The first is on the bikes themselves; baskets and panels in the frame allow adverts to be seen by a city even while the bike is not in operation. The second is within the app; revenue can be generated through pop-ups, side bars, or by allowing companies to pay for prominence on the in-app map\n3. Data: In order to participate in bike sharing schemes, users must accept terms of service and privacy policies which allow the bike sharing schemes to share personal information with third parties. This data is a valuable tool in understanding movement, particularly short distance commutes that cannot be captured through the road network. The data can be sold to public and private sector organisations with a focus on mobility\n4. Deposits: Many of the bike share schemes require a deposit or sign-up fee before riders can use the service. OBike requires a $69 deposit, and Reddy Go charges a $99 membership fee. This revenue can be used to purchase more assets, or simply used to earn interest",
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      "kind": "quote",
      "text": "\"Some of these companies have something like 100 million users in China - that is a lot of money to be sitting on.\" Dr Sandra Peter, from Sydney Business Insights at the University of Sydney's Business School",
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      "text": "Source: Sydney Morning Herald; L.E.K. research and analysis",
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      "text": "The economics of bike sharing has little to do with the operations of schemes, and more to do with data mining, advertising and interest earned on deposits",
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