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  "documentTitle": "LEK Infrastructure Victoria AZZEV International Scan",
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  "notes": "The slide uses a table structure to compare global positioning standards and their relevance to local infrastructure.",
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      "text": "Notes: * Satellite-based Augmentation Systems, which improve the accuracy and reliability of GNSS information; **European Geostationary Navigational Overlay Service; *** Wide Area Augmentation System; ^ Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System ; ^^ GPS and GEO Augmented Navigation; ^^^ Satellite Navigation Augmentation System; † Wide Area Differential Global Positioning System. Source: Austroads; Gizmodo; GSA; MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab; L.E.K. research and interviews",
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      "text": "As country roads are often more logistically difficult to map and encounter less traffic, there is less of an incentive these organisations to map the rural and regional roads",
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      "text": "Many AV developments internationally are use an “SBAS-enabled”* GNSS receiver to meet their absolute positioning requirements.",
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      "text": "These systems vary by internationally from EGNOS** (EU), WAAS*** (USA), MSAS^ (Japan), GAGAN^^ (India), SNAS*** (in development in China) and WADGPS† (in development in Korea)",
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      "text": "Australia and New Zealand do not presently have an existing SBAS service freely available for use. Further investigation and development of Australia’s GNSS and SBAS capability is being undertaken by Geoscience Australia through the National Positioning Infrastructure project (GA NPI project) in collaboration with the Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information (CRCSI)",
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      "text": "Large international organisations such as Google and Uber are creating 3D LiDAR maps for a number of cities globally",
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      "text": "While GPS has a locational accuracy of c.2m, SBAS has an accuracy of <1m. The added integrity and precision of SBAS allows the signal to be used in more demanding applications in aircraft and at sea",
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      "text": "Toyota and MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory are developing systems that allow self-driving cars to drive on roads without 3D maps",
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      "text": "The lack of free access to an SBAS is a potential obstacle to some AVs being introduced to Victoria",
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      "text": "The Victorian Government could advocate to the Commonwealth to ensure AV based applications are considered as part of the Australian Government's National Positioning Infrastructure (NPI) Capability",
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      "text": "Improvements in relative positioning technology may be the means to enable AVs in rural and regional area, as relative positioning does not depend on the creation of high quality maps and highly accurate GNSS",
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      "text": "Vehicles developed for the major markets of Europe, Asia, or the Americas are being developed to utilise the enhanced positioning technologies available in those regions",
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      "text": "It may not be feasible for vehicles sold in Australia to have equipment fitted (e.g. GNSS receiver) that is unique to Australia",
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      "text": "Topic, Description and examples, Implications for Victoria",
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      "text": "Highly accurate absolute positioning is incorporated in many AVs as one of a number of sensors. It is unclear how important absolute positioning will be",
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