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  "documentTitle": "LEK Infrastructure Victoria AZZEV International Scan",
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      "text": "In the long term, it is believed that relative positioning may achieve sufficiently safe levels of operation for absolute positioning to primarily be used as a backup system",
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      "text": "Relative positioning is the process of locating a vehicle by using information from its surroundings. This either occurs through the use of sensors, such as LIDAR, or through DSRC messages from other vehicles or infrastructure",
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      "text": "Absolute positioning is the process of using advanced GPS to locate the vehicles exact co-ordinates and superimpose these onto a previously-created map of the road network. The vehicles current position, as well as the understanding of the surroundings from the map are then used to direct the vehicle, with some assistance from sensors",
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      "text": "LIDAR maps are used to contrast information from sensors to detect differences. The appropriate action is determined to respond to the unforeseen elements",
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      "text": "Absolute positioning maps do not account for small and changing aspects of the environment, such as potholes. Traffic and accident data has been added to services such as Google Maps and Waze",
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      "text": "It is predicted that AVs will primarily be reliant upon on-board sensors for relative positioning. However absolute positioning mechanisms such as GPS and SBAS will be an important addition, allowing absolute positioning to be used as a 'back-up' positioning mechanism",
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      "text": "Current AV technology relies upon expensive LIDAR sensors and high-fidelity mapping of the environment in which AVs operate for relative positioning purposes",
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      "text": "Source: Gizmodo; MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab; ENC Mag; LAT Times; GMV; Aurora Summit; L.E.K. interviews and research",
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      "text": "Absolute positioning currently enables simple tasks such as navigation, but granularity, speed, and reliability are barriers. Satellite based augmentation system (SBAS) improvements will assist towards solving these challenges",
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      "text": "Relative positioning is useful for fast responses and redundancy must be built-in by vehicle manufacturers to enable other sensors to take over if one fails during operation",
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      "kind": "title",
      "text": "A number of technologies can be used for relative and absolute positioning and mapping purposes",
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