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  "documentTitle": "Accor SA (AC)",
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  "presentationDate": "2026-03-19 00:00:00",
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  "notes": "The slide discusses the legal requirements for corporate criminal liability in France and applies them to the specific case of Accor SA.",
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      "text": "Applied to the present findings, it does not seem that there is evidence showing that an Accor SA executive/representative has engaged directly or indirectly in the unlawful conduct.",
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      "text": "a natural person (an “organ” or “representative”) as described in section III.1.2. ; committed an offense ; for the benefit of the legal person (“on its behalf”).",
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      "text": "Applied to the present findings, it does not seem that there is evidence showing that an Accor SA executive/representative has engaged directly or indirectly in the unlawful conduct. It is also questionable whether liability could be based on negligence or a failure to exercise adequate oversight where foreseeable risks were not prevented due to issues of extraterritoriality, combined with the group's structure composed of multiple legal entities with independent legal personalities and separately governed management, which makes it difficult to trace liability back to a French representative/executive and thus to Accor SA.",
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      "text": "First, the executive's criminal liability will not be engaged if powers have been effectively delegated to another person within the structure. Second, the executive may escape criminal prosecution if it is proven that the offense resulted from the exclusive fault of the victim or subordinate and not from a personal fault of the executive.. However, this scenario is rare, as in most cases it is possible to identify negligence or imprudence attributable to the executive.",
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      "text": "With regard to the company's criminal liability itself, article 121-2 of the French Criminal Code provides that: \"Legal persons, with the exception of the State, are criminally liable, according to the distinctions of Articles 121-4 to 121-7, for offenses committed, on their behalf, by their organs or representatives.\"",
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      "text": "\"Legal persons, with the exception of the State, are criminally liable, according to the distinctions of Articles 121-4 to 121-7, for offenses committed, on their behalf, by their organs or representatives.\" — Article 121-2 of the French Criminal Code",
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