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      "text": "It is through this obligation that the personal attribution of breaches committed within the structure managed by the executive becomes possible.",
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      "text": "the executive personally commits an offense in the course of professional activity; one of their subordinates commits an offense in the exercise of their duties within the company.",
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      "text": "Accordingly, the criminal responsibility of the company is derivative in nature: it presupposes that the conduct constituting the offence can be attributed to the acts of its directors, senior executives, or other authorised representatives.",
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      "text": "“While, in principle, no one is liable to penalties except for their own acts, criminal liability may nevertheless arise from the acts of others in exceptional cases where certain legal obligations impose a duty to take direct action regarding the acts of an agent or subordinate; notably, in industries subject to regulations enacted in the interest of public health or safety, criminal liability essentially extends to the company's executives, to whom the conditions and manner of operation of the enterprise are personally imposed.” — Crim., Feb. 28, 1956, Bull. crim., No. 205.",
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