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      "text": "In practice, this requires demonstrating that the company's executive leadership - the natural and legal persons acting as its organ or representative (eg. Bazin) - personally committed the underlying offence while acting in the name or for the benefit of the company.",
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      "text": "Under the general principle of individual criminal liability, Accor SA cannot be held responsible for offenses committed by its subsidiary, as each entity possesses its own distinct legal personality.",
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      "text": "Under French criminal law, the criminal liability of a legal entity is contingent upon the prior establishment of an offence committed on its behalf by its organs or representatives. In practice, this requires demonstrating that the company's executive leadership - the natural and legal persons acting as its organ or representative (eg. Bazin) - personally committed the underlying offence while acting in the name or for the benefit of the company.",
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      "text": "The findings suggest that certain local entities operating under the Accor brand - independent legal persons distinct from Accor SA in France - have shown willingness to engage in practices that, if substantiated, could be characterised as facilitating serious violations of human rights and criminal law, including potential war crimes (such as the accommodation of unlawfully transferred children) and sexual offences, including situations involving minors, as well as conduct potentially linked to human trafficking (sex vacations with underaged girls).",
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      "text": "Liability of Accor SA, the parent company, would therefore require independent grounds demonstrating that it directly participated in, facilitated or otherwise indirectly enabled the unlawful conduct.",
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      "text": "At this stage, the findings do not indicate that Accor SA was aware of these practices, nor that Accor SA, as the parent company, directly or indirectly participated in or endorsed such conduct.",
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      "text": "III.1. Means of holding a company criminally liable under French law: prior establishment of Accor SA's organs and/or leaders' criminal responsibility",
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