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  "documentTitle": "QuantumScape (QS)",
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  "notes": "Uses a Q&A format to frame the expert's critique of the company's data presentation.",
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      "text": "The chart appears to be fake, as it shows a cell being discharged at over 100% of its energy, which common sense indicates is impossible.",
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      "text": "Slide #22 from Dec 8th “Battery Showcase”",
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      "text": "Y-axis is “Discharge Energy [%]” from 0 to 100% - purple line below shows a cell cycled at more than 100% of its energy. We overlaid a dashed line at the tick mark for 100% to make it clear.",
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      "text": "We double-checked with a solid-state researcher, who confirmed that either what the graph shows is impossible – or it’s using another trick with a misleading Y-axis, which is labeled with a made-up, undefined, and non-industry standard term in battery research.",
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      "text": "Q: “Is there ever a situation where a cell can exhibit more than 100% of its discharge energy, or is that impossible by definition, in a typical cycle life test (such 80% DoD)?”\nA: “Yes. Of course. This all depends on what one defines as the 100% depth of discharge (DoD). Imagine that the cell is capable of doing 122mAh, but one only define 61mAh as 100% depth of discharge (utilization rate 50%) - such tricks are entirely possible.” – Solid-state expert",
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      "text": "“Is there ever a situation where a cell can exhibit more than 100% of its discharge energy, or is that impossible by definition, in a typical cycle life test (such 80% DoD)?” “Yes. Of course. This all depends on what one defines as the 100% depth of discharge (DoD). Imagine that the cell is capable of doing 122mAh, but one only define 61mAh as 100% depth of discharge (utilization rate 50%) - such tricks are entirely possible.” — Solid-state expert",
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      "text": "Note: Red boxes, arrows, dashed lines ours for emphasis\nSource: Scorpion Capital consultation calls with experts; https://s26.q4cdn.com/263384136/files/doc_presentation/2021/1/Data-Launch-Updated-Post-Presentation-20210107-2.pdf",
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      "text": "Another troubling discrepancy appears in the graph purporting to show battery life in low temperatures, a key automaker criteria. The chart appears to be fake, as it shows a cell being discharged at over 100% of its energy, which common sense indicates is impossible. The number of similar tricks and red flags makes us doubt it’s an error.",
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      "text": "1) Introduction to Quantumscape",
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