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  "documentTitle": "QuantumScape (QS)",
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      "text": "What they're finding with solid-state batteries is that it's much less tolerant.",
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      "text": "A former employee and an expert pointed to the unique challenges of solid separators.",
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      "text": "Expert questions if QS can scale up to “square miles” material with no defects. Can you actually scale this up to square miles of very thin, very uniform, very perfect kind of ceramic? This is not like doing tape casting of alumina or something like that. It's going to be harder than that. Even after you do that, you have to worry about how it is going to work in a stacked arrangement, and there's risk there.",
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      "text": "Former employee explains why solid separators are “much less tolerant” of any defect than liquid Li-ion. Today's lithium-ion batteries are made with all kinds of layers and laminates, and electrodes. One lithium-ion manufacturer was making electrodes at 100-meters per minute. It all has to be defect-free. The lithium-ion battery manufacturers today - Samsung, LG, and Panasonic - they're all doing that today. But one tiny defect doesn't kill a battery. If you've got liquid filling any of those holes and that electrolyte, the battery will still work, so it's more tolerant to any kind of defects. What they're finding with solid-state batteries is that it's much less tolerant.",
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      "text": "\"Today's lithium-ion batteries are made with all kinds of layers and laminates, and electrodes. One lithium-ion manufacturer was making electrodes at 100-meters per minute. It all has to be defect-free. The lithium-ion battery manufacturers today - Samsung, LG, and Panasonic - they're all doing that today. But one tiny defect doesn't kill a liquid battery. If you've got liquid filling any of those holes and that electrolyte, the battery will still work, so it's more tolerant to any kind of defects. What they're finding with solid-state batteries is that it's much less tolerant.\" — Former employee; \"Can you actually scale this up to square miles of very thin, very uniform, very perfect kind of ceramic? This is not like doing tape casting of alumina or something like that. It's going to be harder than that. Even after you do that, you have to worry about how it is going to work in a stacked arrangement, and there's risk there.\" — Solid-state expert with extensive experience in LLZO and ceramic separators",
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      "text": "Source: Scorpion Capital consultation calls with experts",
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      "text": "Red flag 5 (cont'd): Scaling the manufacturing of ceramic separator is a colossal challenge compared to standard liquid-based Li-ion: “One tiny defect doesn’t kill a liquid battery”; need “square miles” of “very perfect” ceramic.",
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