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  "documentTitle": "QuantumScape (QS)",
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  "authorName": "Scorpion Capital",
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  "presentationDate": "2021-04-15 00:00:00",
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  "notes": "The slide uses expert testimony to undermine the company's technical feasibility claims.",
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      "kind": "callout",
      "text": "Sintering is “biggest reason” why it’s hard to increase cell size",
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      "kind": "paragraph",
      "text": "We quote two former employees below, who explain the magnitude of the challenge – both exhibited significant skepticism at Quantumscape’s ability to solve the problem.",
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      "text": "Sintering is “biggest reason” why it’s hard to increase cell size. “Sintering is the biggest reason why it’s hard to get from one size to another one. A smaller size is easier to get it uniform, flat, and precise...\"",
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      "text": "QS was having difficulties with sintering even at coin-cell size. “It is a ceramic electrolyte. It's easy to make well as a bulk powder. But when you put it into a film... They were having problems at the coin cell level...\"",
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      "text": "“Sintering is the biggest reason why it’s hard to get from one size to another one. A smaller size is easier to get it uniform, flat, and precise. The chemical uniformity across the entire thing is much simpler. But as you go bigger in size, especially if you’re going from something that’s a square to a rectangle, different shapes, you can imagine that there are different types of interactions, stresses focusing on each of the corners, and things like that. It makes it more difficult to accomplish something as you’re trying to scale up.” — Former employee; “It is a ceramic electrolyte. It's easy to make well as a bulk powder. But when you put it into a film, the form factor for a battery, things become harder. You're balancing thickness versus number of defects; the defects are the ones with the dendrites....They were having problems at the coin cell level...it is a very difficult problem because they're taking ceramic and grinding it down to little particles. They're casting this formulation into a thin freestanding film, and making this freestanding film, and you have to have zero defects for that. One way to combat a defect is to make it thicker, but making it thicker has its consequences, so there's a fine balance” — Another former employee",
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      "text": "Source: Scorpion Capital consultation calls with experts",
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      "text": "Red flag 2 (cont'd): Former employees indicate that sintering hurdles escalate exponentially with cell size, making it difficult to scale from tiny prototypes to commercial dimensions: “biggest reason why it’s hard to get from one size to another one”",
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