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      "text": "He indicated that the difficult trade-offs between separator thickness, dendrite resistance, and energy density are unsolved.",
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      "text": "A former employee explained that thin layers are needed, but thin layers \"very easily get a dendrite.\" He described the challenges \"as these things expand and contract during cycling\" to the point \"where it shatters.\" He indicated that the difficult trade-offs between separator thickness, dendrite resistance, and energy density are unsolved.",
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      "text": "Former employee responds affirmatively to out question: \"They're struggling with a dendrite issue in the transition from single-layer to multi-layer cells?\"\n\"Right. Let me explain some things about just the inner workings of these batteries. The separators are pretty thin. They could range anywhere from 5 microns to 100-200 microns in thickness. This is where it's really tough scale when it comes to ceramics processing....In a perfect world, you want to get the separator as thin as possible, to just a few microns. A few microns is smaller than your hair. But also you want it to survive all these different battery tests...Think of it on a basic conceptual level - here's something so thin, and then you have to quickly charge and discharge electricity and you can very easily get a dendrite forming, which is a spike growing on the anode side and that spike is going to end up putting a hole into that thin separator because it's just too thin.\"\n\"If it's too thin, the dendrite is going to break a hole into it. But if you make it thicker, you're losing a lot of energy density because you're consuming more space. Not only that, but as these things expand and contract during all the cycling, it'll expand to a certain point where it shatters because, at the end of the day, it's ceramic. Think of it like a ceramic pot, where you put so much force on it, it just shatters. These are two issues that you're going to have, whatever type of ceramic.\" - Former employee",
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      "text": "“Right. Let me explain some things about just the inner workings of these batteries. The separators are pretty thin. They could range anywhere from 5 microns to 100-200 microns in thickness. This is where it's really tough scale when it comes to ceramics processing....In a perfect world, you want to get the separator as thin as possible, to just a few microns. A few microns is smaller than your hair. But also you want it to survive all these different battery tests...Think of it on a basic conceptual level - here's something so thin, and then you have to quickly charge and discharge electricity and you can very easily get a dendrite forming, which is a spike growing on the anode side and that spike is going to end up putting a hole into that thin separator because it's just too thin.” — Former employee",
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      "text": "Source: Scorpion Capital consultation calls with experts",
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      "text": "Red flag 4: Dendrites are a fatal problem in the transition to multiple layers. Ex-employees: QS needs to stack ultra-thin solid-state separator layers for weight/energy density, but thin layers get dendrites; \"it just shatters\"",
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