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  "documentTitle": "D-Wave Quantum Inc (QBTS)",
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  "notes": "Technical primer on quantum computing concepts relevant to D-Wave.",
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      "text": "1. Quantum Superposition allows the system to explore many possible solutions at once. 2. Quantum Tunneling enables the system to escape local minima in the energy landscape.",
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      "text": "If the annealing is performed slowly enough (adiabatic evolution), the system ideally ends in the ground state of the final Hamiltonian, which corresponds to the optimal or near-optimal solution.",
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      "text": "Quantum annealing is a quantum heuristic designed to solve combinatorial optimization problems by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics. In this model, the solution to a problem is encoded as the ground state of a quantum system.",
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      "text": "However, real-world quantum annealing faces several limitations. Noise, thermal effects, and hardware imperfections can prevent the system from reaching the true ground state. Additionally, problems often require minor embedding.",
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      "text": "The process begins with qubits initialized in a uniform superposition. The system is governed by a time-dependent Hamiltonian which gradually evolves from a simple initial form to a final Hamiltonian that encodes the problem.",
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      "text": "In practice, D-Wave's systems solve problems represented in Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) or Ising model form. These must be translated from high-level business or scientific use cases.",
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