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  "documentTitle": "CareDx, Inc. (CDNA)",
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      "text": "But no noninvasive diagnostic test or screening protocol has been shown to improve the means of detecting rejection, either through avoiding unnecessary biopsies (increased specificity) or by identifying subclinical rejection (increased sensitivity).",
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      "text": "The limitations of kidney function markers like creatinine and proteinuria have been understood for decades. But no noninvasive diagnostic test or screening protocol has been shown to improve the means of detecting rejection.",
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      "text": "Another problem with diagnosing “rejection” is that each type of rejection – TCMR vs. AMR vs. Chronic AMR – is treated differently. Even if there were a test that could perfectly discriminate “rejection,” a biopsy would still be necessary.",
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      "text": "AlloSure is CareDx’s brand name for a test that measures the proportional quantity of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) in a transplant recipient’s bloodstream.",
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      "text": "Kidney rejection in the absence of reduced kidney function is called “subclinical rejection” because of its ability to evade detection. It is generally believed that enough time spent in a state of subclinical rejection eventually results in chronic AMR or severe TCMR.",
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      "text": "frequency of rejection diagnoses that result from these biopsies, and it's clear that plenty of rejection episodes happen with no falloff in kidney function.",
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      "text": "Mehta R, Sood P, Hariharan S. Subclinical Rejection in Renal Transplantation: Reappraised. Transplantation. 2016;100(8):1610-1618. — Footnote 10",
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      "text": "10 Mehta R, Sood P, Hariharan S. Subclinical Rejection in Renal Transplantation: Reappraised. Transplantation. 2016;100(8):1610-1618. 11 Ibid. See also Friedewald, JJ, Kurian, SM, Heilman, RL, et al. Development and clinical validity of a novel blood-based molecular biomarker for sub-clinical acute rejection following kidney transplant. Am J Transplant. 2019; 19: 98-109.",
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