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  "documentTitle": "AtriCure, Inc. (ATRC)",
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      "kind": "diagram",
      "text": "Evolution of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) via ablation",
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      "text": "Of course, only a small proportion of patients suffering from AF undergo open-heart surgery, and full-blown surgical ablation is too risky and invasive to perform on a stand-alone basis.",
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      "text": "The problem with PVI, though, was that it only targeted AF triggers adjacent to the pulmonary veins. In a small number of patients with paroxysmal AF, and in a larger number of patients with more persistent forms of AF, PVI was not effective.",
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      "text": "For a broad discussion of electrical cardioversion in atrial fibrillation, see Sucu M et al, Electrical Cardioversion. For an analysis of the success rate of cardioversion in patients with AF, see e.g., Hellman, T et al, Prediction of ineffective elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a retrospective multi-center patient cohort study. — Footnote 3",
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      "text": "Haissaguerre, M et al Spontaneous Initiation of Atrial Fibrillation by Ectopic Beats Originating in the Pulmonary Veins",
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      "text": "For a broad discussion of electrical cardioversion in atrial fibrillation, see Sucu M et al, Electrical Cardioversion. For an analysis of the success rate of cardioversion in patients with AF, see e.g., Hellman, T et al, Prediction of ineffective elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a retrospective multi-center patient cohort study.",
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      "text": "The shaded areas depict the locations in the endocardium that would be ablated, with the initial PVI procedure ablating the 4 pulmonary veins separately closer to the veins, while the evolved procedure performed two wide ablations.",
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