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  "documentTitle": "Check out the pitch deck Terra CO2 used to raise $46 million",
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  "authorName": "Terra CO2",
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  "notes": "Includes a chemical equation and a diagram of a rotating kiln.",
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      "text": "Meaningful CO2 reduction cannot be achieved through increased efficiency or fuel substitution.",
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      "text": "Diagram of a rotating kiln showing limestone/clay input, CO2 release, gas/material flow, and clinker output.",
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      "text": "The above reaction provides insight into why cement related CO2 emissions are so difficult to reduce.\nThe majority of CO2 emissions are process driven and released by decomposition of limestone, and a lot of energy goes into driving off CO2 from limestone.\nMeaningful CO2 reduction cannot be achieved through increased efficiency or fuel substitution.",
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      "text": "global CO2 emissions: 7-8%",
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      "text": "Clinker is produced by heating ground limestone and clay at a temperature of about 1,400–1,500 °C. Before clinker formation, a chemical reaction (calcination) turns limestone (CaCO3) into lime (CaO), leading to release of CO2.",
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      "text": "Globally, cement manufacturing accounts for 7-8% of the world's CO2 emissions.",
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      "text": "CaCO3 + heat → CaO + CO2",
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      "text": "Limestone-caused CO2 emissions make low-carbon Portland cement an expensive problem.",
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