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  "documentTitle": "The importance of being human in a digital world",
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      "text": "These hybrids are corporate-oriented and neoliberal whether or not they are created or managed by corporations directly.",
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      "text": "humanity, lost following the neoliberal turn of the 1970s which admitted no other options but free-market capitalism (see Slobodian 2018).",
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      "text": "There are significant differences between these new platform cities, which I explore in other pieces, but what is equally striking are the shared material and ideological elements. Briefly, the first of these is a noticeable, sometimes advertised, degree of separation from the surrounding polity, varying from at least some kind of local economic, social, cultural, or political autonomy through to a full-blown city-state model. Singapore's “smart nation” or the leisure/investment metropolis of Dubai are of course the inspirations here, but there are many older examples or even those to be found in fiction that are cited by proponents. Singapore is a particular example to this latest wave of platform city developers, mainly for its politics rather than its technological aspects: the concept of an independent city-state appeals partly at least because it is free from the supposedly constrictive embrace of the extended territorial nation-state. However, it is also an example of the second shared element: a highly neoliberal conception of governance in which democracy is de-emphasized or even abandoned versus financial freedom and property rights, while remaining visibly multicultural. The third is the dependence upon almost total data extractivism and ubiquitous surveillance, underpinned by some kind of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The fourth and final shared element is a bland neoliberal globalist aesthetics, which at its most extreme verges on a neo-colonial presentation. This consists of smooth computer-generated visualizations, smiling putative, often white or racially ambiguous residents, starchitect master planners, and advisory boards consisting of the “usual suspects” from the transnational ruling class in law, urban planning, finance, and consultancy.",
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      "text": "That final shared element leads to an obvious question around the implied “nature” of the inhabitants, in other words the identity and subjectivity not of “actually existing smart citizens” (Shelton and Lodato 2019) but of the proposed platform city people. For the remainder of this chapter, I will concentrate on the shared characteristics of the envisaged new inhabitants of these platform cities, platform city people, based on five cases, a corpus whose publicity documents, plans, and charters",
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      "text": "In various ways these other histories have intersected with smart cities and are often considered as simply another aspect of the same phenomenon. What I am examining is one such convergence: billion-dollar projects for new cities or urban neighbourhoods that demonstrate characteristics of several of these ideal urban forms. These hybrids are corporate-oriented and neoliberal whether or not they are created or managed by corporations directly. These are what I term platform cities because they exist on a foundation with a specific kind of neoliberal capitalism, which has important implications for the place of democracy in relation to the economy, and to which I shall return later.",
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      "text": "2.2 WHO ARE THE PLATFORM CITY PEOPLE?",
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