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      "kind": "paragraph",
      "text": "control/routing algorithms that determine how to get the packets to their destination. The parallels, and distinctions, between information networks and algorithmically controlled mobility systems can help anticipate and inform ethical design and regulatory responses in the mobility context as they provide a roadmap to encourage designers and policymakers to develop socio-technical design specifications, and consider the ways that regulation can promote or constrain human mobility. This section provides a brief overview of the main technical, political, and ethical issues in net neutrality, including the concepts of “discrimination,” “non-discrimination,” and “neutrality,” and technical and ethical concerns related to Deep Packet Inspection and the legal concept of “common carriage.”",
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      "text": "Data packets, generally consisting of a header and a payload, can be thought of as the basic units of Internet communication. All information sent over the Internet (e.g. emails, movies, cat memes, Instagram posts, and TikToks) is broken up into smaller chunks of data that are packaged up as one or more data packets. If multiple packets are needed to carry the transmitted information, as they usually are, the divisions between packets are made automatically. Each individual packet is then sent to its destination separately, along whatever route is most convenient at the time (Indiana University 2018). Packet headers include high-level routing information, such as the packet’s source, destination IP addresses, and information instructing how to correctly assemble multiple packets together when they reach their destination (Indiana University 2018). The remainder of the packet is referred to as the payload, containing chunks of the transmitted information.",
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      "text": "Early in the Internet’s history, communications between people were divided into packets of information that travelled from one place to another with very little oversight. In this early “network of Eden” (Parsons 2013, 14), packets were only subjected to Shallow Packet Inspection (SPI) techniques. As the name implies, SPI is designed only to allow network routers to access high-level information about the packet delivery instructions, that is, SPI limits the inspection to the packet headers (Parsons 2013). Thus, an Internet Service Provider (ISP), using network routers designed to limit routing decisions based on SPI, might examine the source IP address of the packet, the packet identification number, or the kind of protocol the specific packet uses, but would not typically have access to the packet content itself. Thus, SPI is used primarily as a routing tool, much like addresses on envelopes travelling through the post. Because SPI allows for examining destination and source IP addresses, it enables only relatively crude forms of information discrimination, such as blacklisting,",
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      "text": "11.2.1 What Are DataPackets?",
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      "text": "11.2.2 Packet Discrimination and the Emergence of Net Neutrality",
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