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  "documentTitle": "The importance of being human in a digital world",
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      "text": "The introduction of digital platforms transforms the relationship into an exploitative one, making one party vulnerable to the other in new ways, or giving the latter new tools for taking advantage of existing vulnerabilities.",
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      "text": "26 We often worry about sellers deceiving buyers or selling them unsafe products, and consumer protection law is designed to prevent such harms. But we don’t normally worry that sellers will exploit buyers.",
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      "text": "The affordances of digital platforms also create new vulnerabilities, by making prices more inscrutable. Without knowing (or at least being able to make an educated guess about) why a seller has offered a particular price, and without being able to see what prices other buyers in the marketplace are paying, buyers are placed at a significant disadvantage when bargaining with sellers. And lest one think this is “merely” an issue when shopping online, think again: retailers have tested personalized pricing systems for physical stores, where cameras and other tracking technologies identify particular customers and electronic price tags vary prices accordingly (Seele et al. 2021). If sellers deploy such systems, they will deprive buyers of access to information about even more of the marketplace, creating new vulnerabilities sellers can exploit.",
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      "text": "Amazon delivery drivers, “In this putative nonemployment arrangement, Amazon does not provide to the DSP [delivery service providers] drivers workers’ compensation, unemployment insurance, health insurance, or the protected right to organize. Nor does it guarantee individual DSPs or their workers minimum wage or overtime compensation” (Dubal 2023, 1932).",
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      "text": "As we’ve seen, sellers can use algorithmic pricing technologies to capture more and more of – and perhaps even raise – a buyer’s reservation price, by engaging in increasingly sophisticated forms of first-degree price discrimination. In part, this means utilizing the particular affordances of digital platforms to take advantage of existing vulnerabilities sellers couldn’t previously leverage. Specifically, platforms enable the collection of detailed personal information about each individual buyer, including information about their preferences, finances, and purchasing histories, which are highly relevant to decisions about pricing. And platforms can analyze that information to make predictions about buyer willingness to pay on-the-fly, dynamically adjusting prices in the moment for different buyers (Seele et al. 2021). Thus, while it has always been the case that some buyers were willing to pay more than others for certain goods, sellers haven’t always been able to tell them apart, or to use that information to take advantage of buyers at the point of sale.",
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      "text": "Different dynamics are at work in cases like algorithmic pricing. Here, the relationship mediated by digital platforms – in the pricing case, the relationship between buyers and sellers – is not normally a site of exploitation. The introduction of digital platforms transforms the relationship into an exploitative one, making one party vulnerable to the other in new ways, or giving the latter new tools for taking advantage of existing vulnerabilities they couldn’t previously leverage.",
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      "text": "10.3.1 Innovations in Exploitation",
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