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      "text": "Following the global digital transformation, discussions on issues of privacy, data protection, algorithmic harm and similar have entered the academic discourse and public debate. The recent years have seen an increase in reporting about the Big Tech companies as emerging new actors in the international governance realm. However, only those events that entail geopolitical or socio-economic relations to the Western countries are deemed relevant. For example, the news of Chinese payment methods through facial recognition technology rapidly reached the Western media (Agence France-Presse 2019) but much less attention was paid to the internal politics of digitalization in the Global South or the new e-governance measures of international governance institutions. This reluctance is intensified",
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      "text": "to the Foucauldian way of monitoring, the body needs to be fragmented to be observed. Fragments can be combined or re-combined into “data-doubles”: ones that “transcend human corporeality and reduce flesh to pure information” (Haggerty and Ericson 2000, 613).",
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      "text": "The scholarly debates on bodies in the following two decades were centred around the transformation of the body “via practices of socio-technical intermediation” (French and Smith 2016, 9). The body and its datafication, visualization, mediation and multiplication have become increasingly important. Research about sorting, profiling and reification of marginal identities (or race/gender/class/etc.), inclusion and exclusion proliferates and successfully demonstrates how bias, racism, oppression and discrimination are injected into digital lives. The data double revealed the concurrent processes of the body’s objectification – to transform its characteristics to data – and its subjectivation due to the socio-technical processes of datafication. As Zuboff assertively writes in The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, “the body is simply a set of coordinates in time and space where sensation and action are translated as data” (Zuboff 2019, 203). In this reading of the body, behavioural surplus is the engine of surveillance capitalism and the body is only another source of data. However, recent technological advancements, especially in using bodily features for identification, have started to expand and reconfigure such accounts. More recent studies underline the body’s centrality, for example, in big data surveillance and manipulation of the “surveilled subject’s embodied practices” (Ball et al. 2016) or critically examine how biometric technologies transform the relationships between the body and privacy (Epstein 2016). It is argued that data body is not only a change in how bodies are represented but there exists an ontological change: the materiality of the body “and our subjective forms of embodiment that are caught in this historical process of change” (Van der Ploeg 2012, 179). This chapter contributes to these later discussions, where the body is not only central as the source of data but has its own agency as an actant in data assemblages.",
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