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  "documentTitle": "ey net zero centre carbon offset publication 20220530",
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  "authorName": "Grantham Research Institute",
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  "notes": "The page includes a figure (Figure 3) showing a power curve and text justifying the choice of the Enercon E-53 turbine as a standard benchmark for subsidy evaluation.",
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      "text": "Using the same turbine to evaluate wind resources of all sites avoids these perverse incentives, and instead provides a common standard for evaluation.",
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      "text": "Power output (kW): 800 kW",
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      "text": "Another important consideration for a wind farm developer is the cost of connecting the turbines to the electrical grid. The cost of doing so accounts for 10-15% of the up-front investment on average (Blanco, 2009), and since most of this cost is the laying of cables, these costs increase roughly in proportion to the distance between the turbines and the connection point, dn. Longer connection distances also imply greater transmission losses, once the wind farm is built. Since",
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      "text": "To complete our calculations, we use the technical specifications of the Enercon E-53 800 kW turbine, the power curve of which is plotted in Figure 3. In our setting, using the same “benchmark” turbine for all sites has crucial advantages over trying to match the particular turbines at each location. In particular, when trying to judge which projects are and aren’t deserving of a subsidy, this approach avoids penalizing developers for choosing superior turbines, and avoids rewarding them for selecting inferior turbines. Using the same turbine to evaluate wind resources of all sites avoids these perverse incentives, and instead provides a common standard for evaluation. While there are many different turbines to choose from, the E-53 is the most common in our data set by far, accounting for about 15% of all turbines we have been able to identify. It seems reasonable to expect this turbine to be widely available during this period, and that it would have been a suitable choice across a range of locations. This makes it a suitable benchmark.6",
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      "text": "Figure 3: Power curve for the Enercon E-53 800 kW turbine. The power curve is drawn here for a standard air density of 1.225 kg/m3. Going from left to right, the dashed vertical lines indicate the cut-in wind speed, the rated wind speed, and the cut-out wind speed, respectively.",
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      "text": "5 Appendix B includes a detailed description of the data, and a comparison with historical weather data for India. 6 Appendix B contains a fuller discuss of the choice of benchmark turbine. As a sensitivity analysis, we will later replicate our analysis using an alternative benchmark turbine.",
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      "text": "4.4 Payoffs Decrease in Connection Distance",
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