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      "text": "The potential is huge. In terms of avoided curtailment of renewables, EVs could, in theory, contribute 4% of Europe's annual power supply by 2030.",
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      "text": "annual savings: €2,460",
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      "text": "Increasingly, congestion management results in renewable energy being curtailed. In most EU Member States, this often means that fossil fuel generation fills the gap. A more effective way to manage grid congestion is to smartly manage energy assets...",
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      "text": "Smart charging allows consumers, who sit at the heart of the energy transition, to participate directly in providing flexibility. They can play an active role in relieving grid congestion...",
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      "text": "The economics of EV ownership will also improve where flexibility from unidirectional smart charging and V2G is optimised. Total cost of ownership (TCO) includes the cost of the vehicle, energy, tax, maintenance and insurance...",
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      "text": "explain how they can turn ToU and smart energy tariffs to their advantage. They should demonstrate how consumers can save money by charging when prices are low and make money by selling energy back to the grid.",
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      "text": "On a TCO basis, when the vehicle is optimally charged and benefits from V2G, EY estimates that the owner of a compact EV in the UK can save up to 19% (€1,270) annually compared with the cost of an internal combustion engine (ICE).",
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      "text": "V2G will provide significant day-to-day benefits for grid operators, but only if they can implement smart control, and actively control and optimise electricity consumption and charging to make best use of grid integration.",
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      "text": "The EU Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) Market Monitoring Report shows that the need for congestion management jumped 14.5% in 2023, driving up system costs. It estimates that the costs of managing congestion in the EU power grid exceeded €4 billion, with 60% of these costs borne by the German system.",
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      "text": "Currently, the EU power grid is congested in many constituencies. Grid congestion occurs when the transmission capacity of the power grid is insufficient to meet demand. This is mainly driven by the rapid increase in decentralised generated energy...",
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      "text": "The potential is huge. In terms of avoided curtailment of renewables, EVs could, in theory, contribute 4% of Europe's annual power supply by 2030. Estimated at 114 TWh battery capacity, it is enough to power 30 million homes every year. And, by 2040, that potential becomes even more significant, as V2G could store more than 10% of Europe's overall power needs and reinject when needed.",
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      "text": "In Germany, Sweden and Spain, the TCO for a small vehicle could be reduced by as much as 14%. In France and the Netherlands, savings of 8% and 9% respectively may be realised.",
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      "text": "2 See appendix for methodology. 3 \"Transmission capacities for cross-zonal trade of electricity and congestion management in the EU 2024 Market Monitoring Report,\" ACER, 3 July 2024. 4 EY modelling suggests that, by 2040, the potential becomes 10%.",
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