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  "documentTitle": "ey eurelectric flexibility study 2025 20250306",
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      "text": "Double taxation is, I would say, the biggest barrier to V2G.",
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      "text": "One significant barrier to V2G deployment, raised by several industry commentators, is double taxation of energy storage. Some countries, such as Spain and Sweden, have already eliminated this tax. Others, including Denmark, the UK and Germany, are still grappling with ways to address it. Though the European Commission is discussing revisions to the 2003 Energy Taxation Directive, efforts have stalled, making the tax regime a key area for improvement.",
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      "text": "Commentators also stress that regulatory barriers relating to stationary storage must be addressed. They call for it to be treated equally to mobile storage, as both present viable solutions for the energy system.",
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      "text": "Magnus Broback, Head of Volvo Energy Charging & Infrastructure Business Development, Volvo Energy AB",
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      "text": "Though the Netherlands has advanced bidirectional charging infrastructure and smart-charging stations, monetisation of flexible load, such as V2G, is still limited. Most incentives take the form of reduced charging costs rather than direct financial compensation for grid services.",
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      "text": "The UK permits bidirectional charging, but infrastructure is sparse. In 2023, there were fewer than 1,500 V2G-enabled public charging points (less than 5% of total infrastructure). However, government investment of £500mn is helping to grow the market.",
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      "text": "Linus von Sydow, Volvo Cars Energy Solutions",
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      "text": "If we’re to use flexibility, and to market it, we need to see standardisation. If you change your car, you must change your wallbox too, because it’s not compatible. It compromises seamless smart charging and adds costs to the customer.",
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      "text": "We need to make anticipatory grid investments. Yes, we can optimise and digitalise and do stuff with the current network. But we need to make decisions now, so we’ve got what we need five, 10 or 15 years down the line.",
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      "text": "In the current landscape, V2G is not reaching its full savings potential due to double taxation. You pay tax and a grid fee when you charge your car; you often pay tax and a grid fee when you discharge your car. Much of the value you create from that cycle is lost, due to fees. Double taxation is, I would say, the biggest barrier to V2G.",
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