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  "documentTitle": "ey eurelectric flexibility study 2025 20250306",
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  "notes": "The slide uses a two-column layout with a callout box defining 'flexibility' and supporting text on demand growth.",
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      "kind": "callout",
      "text": "What do we mean by flexibility? Flexibility denotes the energy system's ability to adjust energy supply, demand or storage in real time to balance the grid. Flexibility keeps the system stable and functioning, despite fluctuations in renewables supply or changes in demand.",
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      "text": "Flexibility denotes the energy system's ability to adjust energy supply, demand or storage in real time to balance the grid.",
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      "text": "electricity demand: 4,500 TWh",
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      "text": "Today, the electricity system meets flexibility needs mainly through fossil-based dispatchable electricity generation in most EU Member States. Our need for energy flexibility stems largely from the variability inherent in the shift to a decentralised, renewables-based power system. Over the next decade, however, the biggest driver of flexibility demand will be the sheer speed and scale of electrification.",
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      "text": "To meet the European Commission's goal of a 90% reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2040, electrification, as a percentage of energy consumption, must increase from 23% today to 50% within the next 15 years. To put it into perspective, in the next 25 years, electricity demand in Europe will increase four times faster than in the previous 40 years, taking it to more than 4,500 TWh.",
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      "text": "Within five years, just to keep up with changing electricity supply and demand, Europe will need more than double today’s flexibility resources. Compared with 2021, demand for flexibility will increase sharply, up 2.4-fold on a daily basis (from 137 TWh), 1.8-fold on a weekly basis (from 137 TWh) and 1.3-fold on a seasonal basis (from 132 TWh). From 2030 to 2050, the need for flexibility is projected to triple.",
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      "kind": "paragraph",
      "text": "Though European sales have slowed, supportive regulatory policies are easing supply-demand economics. And this should position the market for a rebound. While there has been a 20% surge in demand for hybrids in 2024, it is still expected that EVs will make up 50% of sales in Europe by 2030, two years later than previously projected. By 2050, EVs will reach approximately 250 million – roughly 20 times up on today. At the same time, seven million public EV chargers are anticipated, a near 60-fold increase.",
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      "text": "Footnotes 7-13 detailing sources for data points.",
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      "text": "Massive escalation in electricity demand",
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