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      "text": "Notable dependence on foreign technology and expertise for critical grid components; meanwhile, suppliers are already at or over capacity. For example, MY relied on Japanese and Italian tech expertise to construct HVDC submarine cable under South China Sea to transmit electricity from Borneo to Peninsular MY",
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      "text": "Cross-border connections cover multiple jurisdictions and are often politically sensitive, making approvals slow and complex. Undersea cable to Singapore to source renewables from Indonesia is highly complex, involving multiple sign-offs from multiple ministries in both countries",
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      "text": "Heavily regulated state electricity markets and monopolies hinder private sector investment and innovation. Most SEA nations have state-owned utilities that may deter investment and innovation. In energy distribution sector, only SG and PH have allowed private investments. Heavy subsidies on fossil fuel-based energy generation further makes alternate forms of energy unprofitable",
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      "text": "Note: (1) Fees for transmitting electricity through another country's grid | Source: Lit. search",
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