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  "documentTitle": "Southeast Asia's Green Economy",
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  "notes": "The slide uses a four-column layout to categorize barriers. Includes specific data points on farm sizes and operating profits for NBS vs palm oil.",
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      "text": "Smallholder farm dominance; Weak infrastructure and supply chains; Unclear land rights and regulatory complexities; Nascent carbon pricing and carbon markets",
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      "text": "Detailed descriptions of each barrier including SEA-specific data points on farm size, infrastructure gaps, regulatory risks, and carbon market profitability comparisons.",
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      "text": "Notes: (1) VN is lowest at 0.6 ha, while TH is highest at 4.04 ha; (2) SG launched CIX in 2021, TH launched FTIX and MY launched BCX in 2022, ID launched IDX carbon in 2023; (3) Operating margin representative of an NBS project at steady state, primary fixed OPEX are fees to project developers/managers, primary variable OPEX are community costs and carbon credit sharing with project developers/managers; (4) Based on estimates of commercial plantation operating margins of ~15% across both ID and MY | Sources: ASEAN.org; FAO; Philippine Statistics Authority",
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