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  "documentTitle": "First Steps into the Labour Market 2021 International survey of students and recent graduates",
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      "text": "47-57: Detailed footnotes and source citations regarding visa fees, financial requirements, and student survey data.",
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      "text": "While student visas have doubled in cost in Australia, from AUD 710 to AUD 1,600 (about USD 1,012), and they cost USD 535 in the United States, 75 euros (USD 80) in Germany, and just SGD 90 (USD 66) in Singapore, all of these fees pale in comparison to cost of living.",
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      "text": "Increasing financial thresholds for self-sufficiency may have more impact, as students must demonstrate sufficient resources to support themselves during the period of study (excepting permitted employment). These thresholds and the ways in which applicants are required to demonstrate financial self-sufficiency vary across countries. Some countries require proof of finances commensurate with monthly subsistence costs for the study period, as in the United Kingdom (GBP 1,483 per month in London, GBP 1,136 per month outside London) and the Netherlands (1,094 euros per month), others have much lower requirements, such as Italy (468 euros per month) and the Czech Republic (124 euros per month). Financial self-sufficiency is also intended to guard against students finding themselves forced to work more than the allotted hours to meet living costs, with little time for study.",
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      "text": "A more direct approach to limiting the attractiveness of a particular destination is to place conditions on visas. These can take many different forms, from restricting the arrival of dependents (and spousal work rights), as has been done in the United Kingdom and Canada, to limiting post-graduation working rights, or eliminating so-called \"visa hopping,\" as in Australia. While this has the effect of dampening demand for study visas, these types of conditions also reinforce international study as a default temporary experience, rather than a gateway to a career and permanent residence. As such, governments need to be clear on their vision for the role, in the short and long term, of international students in their economy and society. Limiting post-graduation work can be effective in reducing demand, but it can also lead to overcorrection, and governments have vacillated on what terms to offer as a result.",
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      "kind": "title",
      "text": "INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOBILITY: A POST-PANDEMIC RESET OR A BROADER CHALLENGE?",
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