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  "documentTitle": "First Steps into the Labour Market 2021 International survey of students and recent graduates",
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      "text": "The role of international students has, in some cases, become conflated with public debates concerning the scale of migration writ large.",
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      "text": "In recent years, the spotlight has fallen less favorably on international students, triggered largely by the scale of arrivals as COVID-19 restrictions were lifted and, in some cases, a tendency in some destination countries toward more nationalist approaches to policy. The role of international students has, in some cases, become conflated with public debates concerning the scale of migration writ large, not least because student visa grants represent the most conveniently fungible element of net overseas migration figures, in that they can be deflated most swiftly.",
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      "text": "But this focus has also laid bare some long-standing questions about the sustainability of rising numbers, the integrity of international education programs, and whether international student admissions are fully delivering on their potential. Many of these questions have ended up falling to ministries of the interior to answer, even while they speak to core facets of education and employment policy.",
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      "text": "One of the basic concerns has been that international students have further strained economic conditions for domestic populations, raising living costs, notably housing rental prices. The evidence for this is complex and highly subjective, and it is hard to state conclusively what role international students play. However, it is important to acknowledge that the benefits and costs of international student mobility are not evenly spread across the economy. Students tend to be concentrated in metropolitan areas, and in places where universities have engaged in active recruitment but have not maintained commensurate levels of student accommodation, there may be localized cost pressures.",
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      "text": "This, in turn, raises questions about the number of international students at specific universities. For some specialized providers, enrollment is entirely composed of international students, drawing scrutiny as to the quality and objectives of the institution (including whether it is a cover for clandestine working). But international enrollment has also increased at top institutions. For example, more than 40 percent of enrollment was international in 2023 at the University of Sydney in Australia, and it surpassed 60 percent at Maastricht University in the Netherlands in 2024. While overseas tuition is seen as vital to the continued quality of education at these universities, some questions are being asked about whether international students are capable of meeting all the educational requirements, and whether standards are being set aside to ensure sufficient levels of enrollment.",
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      "text": "33 Caitlin Cassidy, “Revealed: 15 Australian Universities to Have Their International Student Cap Slashed,” The Guardian, September 9, 2024.\n34 Maastricht University, “Maastricht University Student Numbers Stabilize” (news release, October 2, 2024).",
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      "text": "B. Revisiting the Case for International Students Post-Pandemic",
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