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  "documentTitle": "First Steps into the Labour Market 2021 International survey of students and recent graduates",
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  "notes": "The slide discusses the transition from viewing international students as an unalloyed success to a more complex economic and social factor.",
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      "text": "As the number of domestic enrollments flatten, and even drop, in key destination countries—not least because of declining birth rates—international tuition revenue is increasingly important for institutions' long-term sustainability.",
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      "text": "International student revenue share: 23%",
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      "text": "Until recently, the attraction of large numbers of international students was viewed as an unalloyed economic and policy success in many high-income countries. Governments set targets and actively supported the education sector in overseas marketing efforts, facilitating visa applications. And during the pandemic, the absence of international students—or, more precisely, the lack of an available workforce for low-skill, part-time, often essential employment—was viewed as problematic, as students continued their programs online and remotely. Post-pandemic, the sharp rebound in international student numbers has prompted a deeper reflection as to their impacts on economies, labor markets, and communities and has, in some cases, led to governments introducing new restrictions.",
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      "text": "The higher tuition fees paid by international students in many countries represent the most direct and visible contribution. Over the past several decades, international students have increasingly subsidized the growth of higher education as public funding has remained static. In Australia, total higher education revenue increased by 42 percent between 2008 and 2018, largely driven by growth in international student tuition, which more than doubled during that time. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, there has been an increasing reliance on tuition fees from international students, which have increased as a share of total revenue over the past 20 years, and particularly rapidly since 2018. In the 2022–23 academic year, international student revenue represented 23 percent of total income for higher education institutions, totaling GBP 11.8 billion.",
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      "text": "The pursuit of international students has been motivated both by the recognition of the significant revenues international students can bring and their potential contributions as a source of short- and long-term labor. In this sense, international education has become a high-value sector for governments and universities alike.",
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      "text": "20 This is particularly notable across the top universities: in five of the famed “Group of Eight” universities, international students were responsible for more than half of total revenue in 2018, and for at least 40 percent in seven of the eight. See Andrew Norton, “Why Did Universities Become Reliant on International Students? Part 1: Government Funding Cuts” (blog post, June 1, 2020).\n21 Paul Bolton, Joe Lewis, and Melanie Gower, “International Students in UK Higher Education” (research briefing, UK Parliament, House of Commons Library, September 20, 2024).",
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      "text": "A. Harnessing the Economic Benefits of International Education",
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      "text": "Changing Ambitions for International Student Mobility",
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