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  "documentTitle": "Hydrogen applications and business models",
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  "notes": "Includes a stacked bar chart showing H2 supply sources for refining.",
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      "text": "On-site production: about 80%",
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      "kind": "chart",
      "text": "H2 source in oil refining: Refinery by-product (38%), On-site SMR (37%), On-site coal gasification (2%), External supply (23%)",
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      "text": "HDS unit and Hydrocracking plant photos",
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      "text": "Hydrogen consumption: 38 Mt",
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      "text": "Hydrotreatment and hydrodesulfurization: 70% of sulfur content in crude oil is removed through this process to reduce SO2 emissions when oil is burned. H2S generated is captured and burned in an SRU to form SO2 and elemental sulfur. By 2020, new regulations will impose to reduce sulfur content by 40% from 2005 levels. Hydrocracking: Hydrocracking is the process to upgrade heavy residual oils into higher-value products — light and distillate with less bonds. The majority of H2 is supplied by on-site production sources.",
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      "kind": "source-note",
      "text": "Sources: \"The Future of Hydrogen,\" International Energy Agency, June 2019; Phoenix Equipment Corporation; Tokyo Engineering; Kearney Energy Transition Institute analysis",
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      "text": "Market maturity: Mature; Market size: 38; Expected growth: Less than +1%; Competing technologies: -",
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      "text": "Oil refining is the second main H2 consumption source, with 38 Mt or about 33% of global production used for hydrotreatment and hydrocracking",
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      "text": "Fact card: Oil refining",
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