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  "notes": "Includes a technical diagram of a Linde liquefaction plant.",
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      "text": "In addition to thermal losses as a result of the non-perfect insulation of the system, boil-off also happens because of the reaction heat emissions.",
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      "text": "Flammable; Not mature for large-scale systems; Boiling off, with 0.3% to 1% losses per day",
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      "text": "Easy reconversion; High energy density; Already used in aerospace industry",
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      "text": "Energy consumption: 20-25%",
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      "text": "George Claude's cycle to liquefy H2 is a three-step process: H2 is first cooled with a liquid nitrogen heat exchanger. Then, H2 is compressed and expanded in adiabatic conditions, which cools down the gas and the system itself. To avoid liquid presence in the system and mechanical troubles, isenthalpic Joule-Thomson expansion allows to recover liquid H2. As natural H2 is a mixture of ortho-hydrogen (75%) and para-hydrogen (25%), liquefying transforms all ortho into para-hydrogen, which is an exothermic reaction. In addition to thermal losses as a result of the non-perfect insulation of the system, boil-off also happens because of the reaction heat emissions.",
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      "text": "Sources: \"The Future of Hydrogen,\" International Energy Agency, June 2019; \"National Hydrogen Roadmap,\" Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 2018; Afhypac; Linde; Kearney Energy Transition Institute analysis",
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      "text": "Current cost estimate (~1.0 $ per kgH2); Typical plant size (5,000-25,000 kgH2 per day); Energy required (10-13 kWh/kgH2); Energy consumption (20-25%, potential to 18%)",
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      "text": "Liquefying H2 must be cooled down to -253°C, with potential losses from boil-off",
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