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      "text": "PEM is rapidly developing thanks to its compacity, its improved current density and flexibility but requires precious materials",
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      "text": "Diagram of PEM electrolyzer showing DC source, PEM membrane, anode, cathode, H2O input, H2 output, and O2 output.",
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      "text": "Pros: Low plant footprint, compacity; Self-pressurized H2 well-suited for storage facilities; Short response time (less than 2 seconds). Cons: High capex and OPEX; Presence of platinum for electrodes",
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      "text": "Efficiency: 60-77%",
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      "text": "The PEM electrolyzer uses a ionically conductive solid polymer. H+ ions travel through polymer membrane toward the cathode when a potential is applied to form H then H2. Reactions that happen at anode and cathode are: Anode: H2O -> 2H+ + 1/2O2 + 2 e- (E0 = 1.23V vs. SHE1) Cathode: 2H+ + 2 e- -> H2 (E0 = 0.00V vs SHE1) Overall reaction of water electrolysis is: H2O -> H2 + 1/2O2 (E0 = -1.23V vs SHE1) The PEM electrolyzer has a short response time: below 2 seconds and a cold start time below 5 minutes. Most commercial PEM water electrolyzers use self-pressurized PEM cells",
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      "text": "1 Standard hydrogen electrode. Sources: National Hydrogen Roadmap, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 2018; The Future of Hydrogen, International Energy Agency, June 2019; Hydrogenics; Kearney Energy Transition Institute analysis",
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      "text": "Fact card: Proton exchange membrane (PEM)",
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