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  "notes": "The chart shows a crossover point where grid-powered hydrogen becomes more expensive than blue hydrogen as grid emissions increase.",
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      "text": "Hydrogen from grid-powered electrolyzer could reduce emissions at low cost if the carbon footprint is below 50g per kWhe.",
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      "text": "Industrial processes such as oil refining require large volumes of hydrogen. Converting all current hydrogen production for industrial applications (about 70 Mt) to electrolyzers would require about 500 GW of electrolysis capacity running at 90%. Blue production sources could also be considered to reduce carbon emissions at lower cost but has associated risks, such as carbon leakage, and is still dependent on fossil fuels. The carbon avoidance cost from electrolysis is higher than blue sources, but large-scale electrolyzers could provide additional services to the plant grid, such as power consumption management.",
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      "text": "Note: CAC is carbon abatement cost. The additional cost of blue H2 has been studied in the production section of this factbook. The hypothesis detailed in the appendix. Sources: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Kearney Energy Transition Institute analysis",
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