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  "documentTitle": "Hydrogen applications and business models",
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  "notes": "The chart uses a duration curve (cumulative distribution) to show price frequency.",
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      "text": "Producing hydrogen during low spot prices and providing electricity to the grid when prices are higher than production costs appears to have low potential as LCOE from P2P may always be higher than spot prices, except for a few hours per year.",
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      "text": "EPEX spot prices: selected countries (2018, highest prices on 1,000 hours, $ per MWh)",
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      "text": "Spot prices are below $100 per MWh 99% of the time. Producing hydrogen during low spot prices and providing electricity to the grid when prices are higher than production costs appears to have low potential as LCOE from P2P may always be higher than spot prices, except for a few hours per year. P2P systems can also provide grid flexibility and help load management.",
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      "text": "Sources: Energi Data Service; European Network of Transmission System Operators; \"The Future of Hydrogen,\" International Energy Agency, June 2019; \"National Hydrogen Roadmap,\" Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 2018; International Renewable Energy Agency; Kearney Energy Transition Institute analysis",
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      "text": "Selling P2P electricity on the spot market appears to be very opportunistic as prices are over LCOE less than 1% of the time",
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