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  "documentTitle": "Hydrogen applications and business models",
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      "text": "Companies specialized in the hydrogen value chain are partnering with a broad range of other industrials to capture value.",
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      "text": "In Europe, Hydrogen Europe is partnering with the European Commission to identify legal barriers that could delay or deter investments in hydrogen. In the United States, multiple incentives have been given to fund hydrogen R&D in public laboratories and private R&D departments. Between 2004 and 2017, the Department of Energy was granted $2.5 billion to develop fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), build a mature hydrogen economy, decrease oil dependency, and create a sustainable energy economy. In Middle Eastern oil-rich countries, a blue hydrogen economy is being studied as a transition from oil exports to hydrogen exports and the use of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery. Japan was the first country to adopt a \"Basic Hydrogen Strategy\" and plans to become a \"hydrogen society\", targeting commercial scale capability to procure 300,000 tons of hydrogen annually. Australia adopted a National Hydrogen Strategy in late 2019 to open up opportunities in domestic use as well as export market.",
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      "text": "Companies specialized in the hydrogen value chain are partnering with a broad range of other industrials to capture value. M&A activity has been growing over the past few years, with companies from different industries partnering to develop new business models based on hydrogen. The Hydrogen Council was created in 2017 by 30 private companies from industry, transportation, and energy to accelerate investments in hydrogen and encourage key stakeholders to back hydrogen as part of the energy mix.",
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      "text": "Business models - Policies and competition landscape (Section 4.1: pages 116–124)",
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      "text": "Governments are putting in place regulations and mechanisms to promote hydrogen deployment. Multiple countries have launched support initiatives and incentives mechanisms to accelerate hydrogen deployment, mainly in the transportation sector. Countries have developed specific strategy cases based on their capabilities and economical situations:",
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