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  "documentTitle": "Hydrogen applications and business models",
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      "kind": "callout",
      "text": "In small furnaces (less than 10 MWth), reaching 20% of ammonia in the combustion zone does not pose any particular problems, and no slippage of ammonia into exhaust gas was detected.",
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      "text": "Mizushima coal plant, operated by Chugoku Electric",
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      "kind": "metric",
      "text": "Market size (GW): 2,100",
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      "kind": "paragraph",
      "text": "Hydrogen-based fuel ammonia can be co-fired in coal-fired power plants to reduce coal usage and plant carbon emissions. IHI Corporation successfully co-fired a ammonia-coal mix with 20% ammonia in a 10 MW furnace. The previous test conducted by Chugoku Electric in a 150 MW furnace reached a 0.8% energy content. Boiler's energy conversion efficiency is maintained. Ammonia feeding pipe design allows to control NOx emissions, which are similar to regular coal plant. In small furnaces (less than 10 MWth), reaching 20% of ammonia in the combustion zone does not pose any particular problems, and no slippage of ammonia into exhaust gas was detected. Technology can be retrofitted into existing coal-fired boilers. The economics of projects will depend on availability of low-cost ammonia.",
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      "kind": "source-note",
      "text": "Sources: \"The Future of Hydrogen,\" International Energy Agency, June 2019; IHI Corporation; Chugoku Electric; Kearney Energy Transition Institute analysis",
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      "kind": "title",
      "text": "Co-firing ammonia in coal-power plants could reduce carbon emissions at low cost; special attention needs to be given to NOx emissions",
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