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  "documentTitle": "Hydrogen applications and business models",
  "authorId": "Kearney",
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  "notes": "Part of a series on energy transition; includes technical components and market data.",
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      "text": "Diagram of hydrogen car components",
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      "text": "As with scooters, H2 is stored in compressed tanks (700 bars) and then converted into electricity through a PEM fuel cell, powering an electrical motor and refueled in dedicated stations. A rechargeable (Li-ion or lead-acid) battery is added to provide additional power for the engine—mainly for regenerative braking and acceleration (1.6–9 kWh capacity). H2 stored in metal hydride cans is also under development (a car requiring about nine cans), which could offset a low number of refueling stations. H2 cars offer multiple benefits, such as no pollutant emissions, lower noise, and operability at low temperatures. Potential users include private consumers, company and public entity fleets, or vehicle-sharing companies. Large-scale deployment will require refueling infrastructure and compliance with local regulations, especially on tank safety.",
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      "text": "Sources: \"The Future of Hydrogen,\" International Energy Agency, June 2019; Kearney Energy Transition Institute",
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      "kind": "title",
      "text": "Fuel-cell hydrogen cars are commercially available as an alternative to diesel-based internal combustion engine cars",
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