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  "documentTitle": "Hydrogen applications and business models",
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  "notes": "Part 1 of 2 in a series on hydrogen value chain maturity and costs.",
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      "text": "Today, Hydrogen produced from Brown sources is two to ten times less expensive than from Green or Blue sources",
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      "text": "Alkaline electrolysis (AE) is currently the cheapest available technology with an average estimated LCOH of $4.00 per kg. The Proton exchange membrane (PEM) average estimated LCOH is $5.00 per kg, and SOEC $7.40 per kg.",
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      "text": "Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH): $9.50",
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      "text": "For green hydrogen, access to cheap renewable electricity could help reduce LCOH of electrolysis. However, renewable electricity from solar and wind power sources are not dispatchable and provide relatively low load factors. Thus, the capex part would dramatically increase. Reaching economical competitiveness with blue sources (LCOH of $2 to $3 per kg) requires low electricity prices and high load factor (commonly above 90%)",
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      "text": "For blue hydrogen production sources is ~50¢ per kg higher than brown sources, and is estimated to range between $1.50 and $2.50 per kg. It is still cheaper than electrolyzer but requires carbon storage caverns. The cost of CCS highly depends on the technology used, which will all have different efficiency (up to 90% capture rate).",
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      "text": "By 2030, LCOH of blue hydrogen is expected to go as low as $1.30 to $1.90 per kg, and between $1.60 to $3.80 per kg for green hydrogen, depending on the electrolysis technology used. R&D improvements will help reduce capex, increase lifetime and improve efficiency. The main focus will be on increasing density, lowering catalysts, and scaling up the balance of system components.",
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      "text": "For green hydrogen production sources, LCOH depends on technology, electricity price, and electrolyzer size as it benefits from economies of scale. Electrolyzers LCOH is estimated to range between $2.50 to $9.50 per kg depending on technologies.",
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      "text": "For brown hydrogen production sources, LCOH depends on technology and feedstock price, and commonly range around 90¢ to $2.10 per kg. The SMR average estimated price is currently about $1.40 per kg, with LCOH mainly driven by the price of natural gas (about 75% of LCOH) and capex (about 22%).",
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      "text": "While brown technologies are the most mature, blue and green should close the gap by 2030; conditioning transportation remains costly (1/2)",
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