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      "text": "The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is responsible for 20–55% of total CO2 emissions from a typical refinery.",
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      "text": "Challenges: High energy penalty and equipment requirements. CO2 produced in refineries comes from several units (FCC, hydrogen production, sulfur recovery, boilers).",
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      "text": "Context: Globally, the other energy transformation sector accounts for 1,400 MtCO2 (4% of total). Oil and gas industry utilizes captured CO2. CCUS-based solutions allow 50% to 70% reduction.",
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      "text": "Sources: Special Report on Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage International Energy Agency 2020, Kearney Energy Transition institute analysis",
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      "text": "Key technologies: Chemical absorption, Oxy-fuelling, Chemical looping combustion. Descriptions provided for each.",
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