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  "documentTitle": "Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage",
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      "text": "In the next decade, the number of CCUS projects is expected to increase by more than 70%, with about 120 projects in 2030.",
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      "text": "CCUS projects: 120",
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      "text": "Oil and gas along with power have been leading the CCUS development. The oil and gas sector and the power sector have been leading CCUS development and are expected to remain as such at least until 2030. These two sectors represent the vast majority of CCUS projects in 2020.",
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      "text": "The CCUS industry has entered a new development phase (\"industrialization\"), which is characterized by the development of clusters grouping multiple sources of CO2 emissions from different applications (such as blue hydrogen production as well as cement and steel applications) and thanks to the increasing regulatory pressure on CO2 emissions (such as carbon pricing or net-zero targets from multiple countries and companies).",
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      "text": "CCUS in power is interesting to retrofit coal or gas-fired and biomass power plants to abate their carbon emissions and allow their continued operation. It has reached commercial scale with the opening in 2014 of the first large-scale CCUS power plant in Canada: the Sask Power Boundary Dam.",
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      "text": "Blue hydrogen, steel, and cement industries are the newcomers investing in CCUS. For high-emitting sectors such as iron and steel and cement production, CCUS is listed as one of the best possibilities to drastically reduce CO2 emissions. CCUS has been introduced recently for small commercial or pilot projects in the iron, steel, and cement industries. The number of heavy industry large-scale facilities is going to increase from three in 2020 to seven in 2030. Large-scale projects such as Lafarge-Holcim Cement added to eight industrial hubs in development with either a cement or iron and steel plant. Despite this increase, heavy industries remain the least-efficient sector in capturing GHG emissions with an average of less than 1 MtCO2 captured per year per project.",
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      "text": "Specific technologies are being developed per sector. Retrofits on power plants are mostly post-combustion chemical absorption capture, but advanced technologies such as pre-combustion capture or carbonate fuel cells are under development. CCUS is applicable to natural gas processing, as in the Sleipner West project and to decarbonize refining activities, such as in Port Jérôme, where Air Liquid produces blue hydrogen for oil refining with cryogenic carbon capture.",
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      "text": "In the next decade, the number of CCUS projects is expected to increase by more than 70%, with about 120 projects in 2030. The average size of the CCUS projects is also expected to grow, moving from below 1 Mtpa of CO2 p to 5 Mtpa of CO2 in the next decade, essentially triggered by large blue hydrogen production projects or hubs.",
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      "text": "In the upcoming years, industries such as blue hydrogen production and chemicals production are going to see more and more facilities. Hydrogen is even considered as the most ambitious field of application for CCUS with an average of almost 5 MtCO2 captured per year per project, more than any other industry. The trend is supported by the development of high-capacity hydrogen energy projects and clusters, such as in United Kingdom with ambitious national plans to switch fuel for domestic and industrial applications from natural gas to hydrogen combined with CCUS.",
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      "text": "Outlook of carbon capture development per sector (pages 53–98)",
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