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      "text": "01 A lack of new supply is the key theme for the living sector in 2024. Most cities are already facing a shortage of housing, and the development pipeline is expected to shrink further due to a lack of development funding, high construction costs, lengthy planning procedures and uncertainty around exit values.\n02 Demand for housing across the living spectrum will remain strong, particularly in the larger European cities. This demand will be skewed towards the rental market, as an increase in mortgage rates has made renting relatively more affordable than home ownership. Despite mounting regulatory risk, an increase in market rents is expected to support solid income growth in 2024.\n03 ESG will be an integral investment theme for 2024 and beyond. The European Commission's Energy Performance of Buildings Directive gives more clarity on which sustainability targets need to be met, and when. The currently low ratings of much of the EU housing stock mean that there is a considerable challenge in renovating existing stock to meet energy efficiency standards.",
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