{ "docId": "019dd923-5de0-76bd-a169-587aba502de4", "docSlug": "2529e86cc1cf2d8d", "documentTitle": "Green Hydrogen: An assessment of near-term power matching requirements", "authorId": "BCG", "authorName": "IRENA", "documentKindSlug": "consulting-deck", "documentKindLabel": "Consulting deck", "sourceTypeSlug": "strategy_consulting", "sourceTypeLabel": "Strategy consulting", "presentationDate": null, "orientation": "portrait", "aspectRatio": 0.707, "pageNumber": 44, "pageCount": 52, "prevPage": 43, "nextPage": 45, "slideType": "industry_trends", "function": "establish_context", "density": "dense", "nDataPoints": 6, "notes": "Includes a callout box for 'Barriers' and decorative H2 graphic.", "elementsJson": [ "headline_text", "paragraph", "callout_box", "photo" ], "metadataConfidence": 0.95, "imagePath": null, "slideHref": "/slides/019dd923-5de0-76bd-a169-587aba502de4/44", "deckHref": "/decks/019dd923-5de0-76bd-a169-587aba502de4", "deckJsonHref": "/decks/019dd923-5de0-76bd-a169-587aba502de4.json", "deckAnchorHref": "/decks/019dd923-5de0-76bd-a169-587aba502de4#slide-44", "components": [ { "bbox": { "h": 0.45, "w": 0.29, "x": 0.62, "y": 0.225 }, "kind": "callout", "text": "Barriers\nAs in other sectors, higher costs are a barrier. A recent study indicates that at least USD 1 trillion in investment is needed to decarbonise international shipping, using green ammonia as the main fuel (Raucci et al., 2020). Beyond costs, there also are technical and practical barriers. For the same amount of energy, ships would need fuel tanks three to four times larger than existing tanks in order to use ammonia, and 40% larger for liquid hydrogen. Larger tanks would cut into cargo space, reducing the amount of cargo that could be carried by ships by about 10-15% in typical bulk carriers. In addition, ammonia is caustic and corrosive, and thus requires special fuel handling, while liquefying hydrogen requires considerable additional energy. These fuels would also require a new bunkering infrastructure.", "attrs": null, "subkind": "primary", "toolName": null, "toolSlug": null, "confidence": null, "componentId": "b9065343-7fda-49c9-a663-5f8ba8e8e6f6", "frameworkName": null, "frameworkSlug": null }, { "bbox": null, "kind": "callout", "text": "A recent study indicates that at least USD 1 trillion in investment is needed to decarbonise international shipping, using green ammonia as the main fuel.", "attrs": null, "subkind": null, "toolName": "Visual emphasis", "toolSlug": "visual-emphasis", "confidence": null, "componentId": "019dd951-fefb-728e-ad8f-5c439b3285a0", "frameworkName": null, "frameworkSlug": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.12, "w": 0.52, "x": 0.29, "y": 0.76 }, "kind": "image", "text": null, "attrs": null, "subkind": "illustration", "toolName": null, "toolSlug": null, "confidence": null, "componentId": "218d6412-ab9a-43cd-b74b-6e9b0bc8c820", "frameworkName": null, "frameworkSlug": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.28, "w": 0.29, "x": 0.62, "y": 0.598 }, "kind": "image", "text": null, "attrs": null, "subkind": "photo", "toolName": null, "toolSlug": null, "confidence": null, "componentId": "56b6de5b-df06-453c-b8fd-d2f023e122ef", "frameworkName": null, "frameworkSlug": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.55, "w": 0.29, "x": 0.29, "y": 0.195 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Maritime shipping is already the most efficient form of freight transport; it uses 30% less energy for a given weight and distance than rail transport and 90% less than heavy-duty trucks. But the 95 000 ships currently in use, which carry 80-90% of all global trade, emit substantial amounts of CO2 - 930 MtCO2 in 2015, equivalent to 2.8% of all global energy-related emissions. With heavy fuel oil providing more than three-quarters of the fuel used by ships, ships are also major emitters of sulphur, particulates and other air pollutants (IRENA, 2020b). Around 20% of the global shipping fleet is responsible for 85% of the net GHG emissions associated with the shipping sector. Therefore, a limited number of interventions might have a large impact in decarbonising the shipping sector. Electrification via batteries or fuel cells could play an important role for short-distance vessels. Biofuels are an immediately available option to decarbonise the shipping sector, either in blends or as drop-in fuels. However, their potential is currently limited (IRENA, 2020b). Green hydrogen could play an important role, but its adoption would require substantial adaptations to existing onboard and onshore infrastructure. In addition, green ammonia is emerging as one of the most feasible low-carbon fuel pathways. Leading manufacturers are working on engines that can run on ammonia and are anticipated in 2024.", "attrs": null, "subkind": "paragraph", "toolName": null, "toolSlug": null, "confidence": null, "componentId": "3cf7facd-7c29-4825-8956-538219d0436d", "frameworkName": null, "frameworkSlug": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.04, "w": 0.42, "x": 0.29, "y": 0.135 }, "kind": "title", "text": "3.5. POLICY SUPPORT FOR HYDROGEN USE IN MARITIME SHIPPING", "attrs": null, "subkind": "headline", "toolName": null, "toolSlug": null, "confidence": null, "componentId": "d7f99fbb-893f-408f-8837-eacf3cb84d94", "frameworkName": null, "frameworkSlug": null } ], "metrics": [], "tools": [ { "name": "Audience frame", "slug": "audience-frame", "agent": null, "layer": "slide", "matchId": "9164d6fb-cb61-4623-ab43-ccf0a686f6ed", "evidence": "The slide mentions 'barriers' to policy support, implying a frame for the audience.", "confidence": 0.6 }, { "name": "Concrete Language", "slug": "concrete-language", "agent": "Storyteller", "layer": "slide", "matchId": "019dd95a-13ee-7068-978a-92a2a1f1b5d3", "evidence": "Quotes 'USD 1 trillion in investment' for shipping decarbonisation", "confidence": 80 } ], "frameworks": [], "arcBeats": [ { "to": 45, "from": 34, "beatId": "019dd95a-0702-74a3-87dc-d54af2cd1ea7", "arcName": "The Consultant's Gambit", "arcSlug": "consultants-gambit", "beatName": "Evidence & Proof", "beatSlug": "consultants-gambit-evidence-proof", "evidence": "Chapter 3 sectoral barriers/policy options for electrolysis, infra, industry, aviation, shipping", "position": 4, "confidence": 88, "parentBeatName": "Evidence", "parentBeatSlug": "evidence" }, { "to": 47, "from": 18, "beatId": "019dd95a-0702-74a3-87dc-e769c7e0b5af", "arcName": "The Triple Take", "arcSlug": "triple-take", "beatName": "The Action (Now What)", "beatSlug": "triple-take-the-action-now-what", "evidence": "Pillars and sectoral policies prescribe action", "position": 3, "confidence": 60, "parentBeatName": "Resolution", "parentBeatSlug": "resolution" } ], "loops": [ { "to": 45, "from": 44, "name": "So What Cascade", "slug": "41-so-what-cascade", "bestFor": "Data presentations, executive summaries, driving to recommendations", "matchId": "019dd95a-088b-72c8-b7e4-9515a6a0e0df", "evidence": "USD 1 trillion shipping investment need on p44 leads into policy recommendations on p45", "position": 14, "objective": "Translate maritime decarbonisation gap into specific government actions", "structure": "The Data -> So What? 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