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  "documentTitle": "Green Hydrogen: An assessment of near-term power matching requirements",
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      "text": "The major cost driver for green hydrogen is the cost of electricity.",
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      "text": "4 Fuel cells use the same principles as an electrolyser, but in the opposite direction, for converting hydrogen and oxygen into water in a process that produces electricity. Fuel cells can be used for stationary applications (e.g. centralised power generation) or distributed applications (e.g. fuel cell electric vehicles). Fuel cells can also convert other reactants, such as hydrocarbons, ethers or alcohols.",
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      "text": "2. Technologies ready to scale up. Many of the components in the hydrogen value chain have already been deployed on a small scale and are ready for commercialisation, now requiring investment to scale up. The capital cost of electrolysis has fallen by 60% since 2010 (Hydrogen Council, 2020), resulting in a decrease of hydrogen cost from a range of USD 10-15/kg to as low as USD 4-6/kg in that period. Many strategies exist to bring down costs further and support a wider adoption of hydrogen (IRENA, forthcoming). The cost of fuel cells4 for vehicles has decreased by at least 70% since 2006 (US DOE, 2017).",
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      "text": "1. Low variable renewable energy (VRE) electricity costs. The major cost driver for green hydrogen is the cost of electricity. The price of electricity procured from solar PV and onshore wind plants has decreased substantially in the last decade. In 2018, solar energy was contracted at a global average price of 56 USD/MWh, compared with 250 in 2018. Onshore wind prices also fell during that period, from 75 USD/MWh in 2010 to 48 in 2018 (IRENA, 2019b). New record-low prices were marked in 2019 and 2020 around the world: solar PV was contracted at USD 13.12/MWh in Portugal (Morais, 2020) and USD 13.5/MWh in the United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) (Shumkov, 2020); onshore wind was contracted at USD 21.3/MWh in Saudi Arabia (Masdar, 2019) while in Brazil, prices ranged between USD 20.5 and 21.5/MWh (BNEF, 2019). With the continuously decreasing costs of solar photovoltaic and wind electricity, the production of green hydrogen is increasingly economically attractive.",
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      "text": "cost of electricity: 60%",
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      "text": "There have been several waves of interest in hydrogen in the past. These were mostly driven by oil price shocks, concerns about peak oil demand or air pollution, and research on alternative fuels. Hydrogen can contribute to energy security by providing another energy carrier with different supply chains, producers and markets; this can diversify the energy mix and improve the resilience of the system. Hydrogen can also reduce air pollution when used in fuel cells, with no emissions other than water. It can promote economic growth and job creation given the large investment needed to develop it as an energy carrier from an industrial feedstock. As a result, more and more energy scenarios are giving green hydrogen a prominent role, albeit with significantly different volumes of penetration (see Box 1.1). The new wave of interest is focused on delivering low-carbon solutions and additional benefits that only green hydrogen can provide. The drivers for green hydrogen include:",
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      "text": "1.2. DRIVERS OF THE NEW WAVE OF GREEN HYDROGEN",
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