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  "documentTitle": "Assessment of the expected economic impact of the Tempest Programme (2021-2050)",
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      "text": "It is encouraging that the approach to Tempest is very different to that followed by the Joint Strike Fighter/F-35 programme but broadly in line with the knowledge-based approach to acquisition.",
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      "text": "The integration of digital engineering efforts with safety cases will also cause problems unless the safety authorities can be smoothly integrated into development and production processes. However, the effective exploitation of Industry 4.0 technologies for Tempest would produce lessons of value that potentially could be embraced across all UK manufacturing, not just defence.",
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      "text": "It is encouraging that the approach to Tempest is very different to that followed by the Joint Strike Fighter/F-35 programme but broadly in line with the knowledge-based approach to acquisition which has been specified and promoted by the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) continuously since at least 2004.79 The basis of that approach is that a programme should not be launched until the core enabling technologies are sufficiently mature. Further staged commitments should then be made first, when it has been shown that the core technologies can work together as a system and, second, when engineering work has shown the time and cost to manufacture and reliability of the finished system. The failure of the F-35 to follow this guidance was asserted and illustrated by the GAO in 2009.80 Specifically, as Figure 3 illustrates, the level of knowledge attained at decision points consistently failed to meet the desirable levels shown by the diagonal line.",
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      "text": "To the extent that Tempest is to a collaborative project, the same digital engineering system will need to be agreed and implemented across all participating companies and indeed governments, as they are already aware.",
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      "text": "79. General Accounting Office, ‘Best Practices: Using a Knowledge-Based Approach to Improve Weapon Acquisition’, GAO-04-386SP, January 2004... Government Accountability Office (GAO), ‘Weapons Systems Annual Assessment: Updated Program Oversight Approach Needed’, GAO-21-222, Report to Congressional Committees, June 2021, p. 223...",
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      "text": "80. GAO, ‘Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs’, GAO-09-326SP, Report to Congressional Committees, March 2009, p. 93... ‘Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Major Weapons Programs’, GAO-04-248, Report to Congressional Committees, March 2004, pp. 75–76... ‘F-35 Joint Strike Fighter: Cost Growth and Schedule Delays Continue’, GAO-22-105128, Report to Congressional Committees, April 2022...",
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