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  "documentTitle": "Assessment of the expected economic impact of the Tempest Programme (2021-2050)",
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      "text": "Defence spending: €3.8 billion",
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      "text": "Italy joined the project when it signed a statement of intent with the UK in September 2019, with a commitment to a broad range of cooperative activities.58 Since then, Italy has been continuously enthusiastic, with commitment backed up by action. Indeed, the latest Defence Multiannual Planning Document, published in July 2022, signalled enhanced financial obligations by forecasting an increase in spending on the early stages of the programme from €2.0 billion to €3.8 billion by 2036.59",
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      "text": "risk-bearing much more balanced. Second, it would invalidate the description of FCAS as a second 'European' combat air programme alongside the Franco-German-Spanish endeavour. Similarly, by potentially opening up the Indo-Pacific market, it would critically keep two markets open for combat air, which is key given the importance of pursuing exportability. Last, it could potentially pave the way for future collaboration down the line, with both the UK and Italy, between which defence synergies have also increased lately.55 Financially and technologically, Japan is already bringing a large amount of value to the current exploratory endeavours. It has been investing in combat air technology for some years through its exploration of the Mitsubishi X2 and F.3 aircraft with an active electronically scanned array radar.56 UK officials are struck by how quickly and smoothly activities have advanced in both the governmental and industrial spaces.57 From an engineering point of view, industry officials explained that the Japanese have demonstrated skills that complement their UK counterparts. They also have demonstrated themselves to be very forward leaning, receptive and keen on intensifying cooperation. Here, it is remarkable how far Japan has come in so little time, moving from a cooperation on sub-systems less than a year ago, to contemplating a full-scale partnership today. The extent of progress with Japan is notable given the country's limited experience of defence industrial collaboration.",
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      "text": "55. Aeronautica Militare... 56. Airforce Technology... 57. Closed-door roundtable... 58. For details on the mutual commitments... 59. Ministero della Difesa...",
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