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  "documentTitle": "Education: Mega Trends and Opportunities in Africa",
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      "kind": "paragraph",
      "text": "Our collection of evidence does not offer a single solution to apply in every school system. Programs adapted to new contexts will often yield distinct impacts. In our discussion section, we elaborate on factors to consider when translating a program from one setting to another. Still, this accumulation of recent evidence offers promising areas for investment and wide avenues for further study.",
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      "text": "Education in Africa has expanded dramatically in recent years (Figures 1 and 2). The median proportion of children completing primary school across countries has risen from 27 to 67 between 1971 and 2015 (World Bank, 2020). The median proportion of children completing lower secondary school across countries has also risen dramatically, from a mere 5 percent in",
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      "text": "This review updates findings from earlier reviews with results from new research. Evans and Popova (2016b) synthesize evidence from six reviews on how to improve learning outcomes from low- and middle-income countries, only one of which—Conn (2017)—focuses exclusively on evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, while others include significant research from the region. This review focuses on how research in Africa from the last five years updates our ideas on making education effective and accessible.",
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      "text": "We also observe consistent gains across various other types of programs: mother tongue instruction seems to provide consistent learning gains across programs, eliminating school fees offers consistent gains in access, and school feeding offers consistent gains in access and learning. Other inputs are inconsistent: cash transfers are reasonably consistent in increasing access to school but not at improving learning, which may be unsurprising given that the programs may relax an economic constraint to access for the children but do not directly affect the learning process beyond that. Similarly, eliminating school fees has inconsistent impacts on the quality of education.",
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      "text": "In section 2, we briefly review the current state of education in Africa. In section 3, we summarize earlier evidence on how to expand access and improve the quality of education on the continent. In section 4, we discuss our strategy for collecting and analyzing new research. In section 5, we synthesize the findings. In section 6, we draw conclusions from our findings, highlight areas for needed future research, and discuss implications for policy.",
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      "text": "education interventions (Kraft, 2020; Evans and Yuan 2020). A literacy program providing a similar array of supports delivered literacy gains in Uganda (Brunette et al., 2019). The combination of teacher incentives and school grants delivered higher learning gains than either on its own in Tanzania (Mbiti et al., 2019a).",
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      "text": "6 Lacking access to time travel technology, Evans and Popova (2016b) actually review an earlier version of the Conn work (2014) but the results of Conn's analysis do not change across the two versions.",
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      "text": "2. A brief review of the current state of education in Africa",
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