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      "text": "Teacher professional development. Another class of teacher intervention seeks to boost their content and pedagogical skills. Earlier reviews showed promising evidence on pedagogical interventions (Conn, 2017)...",
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      "text": "Other interventions evaluate teacher professional development on its own. In Ghana, training teachers to target instruction to children’s learning levels by dividing the class by ability group for part of the day increased student learning (Duflo et al., 2020).",
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      "text": "Beyond improving performance and accountability, dozens of countries have designed incentive programs to recruit and retain teachers in less attractive teaching posts, and these have had little rigorous evaluation in the past (Pugatch and Schroeder, 2014).",
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      "text": "13 The Gambian program also had no clear impact on student test scores (Pugatch and Schroeder, 2018). 14 Many teacher professional development interventions report impacts on participant knowledge and even practice...",
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