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  "documentTitle": "Developing sustainable carbon circularity Looking at advanced applications and business models",
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      "text": "Biomass can be used in cement plants through two major modes, namely direct combustion and transformation into producer gas (syn gas).",
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      "text": "Process emissions (60%), Thermal emissions (30%), Electricity (10%)",
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      "text": "World cement production 2018: 3.99Bt (China 55%, India 8%, Europe 6%, Africa 5%, US 2%, Others 22%)",
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      "text": "Without investment to transform existing infrastructure, with a retrofit of the kilns, biomass use can reach 100%. Sources: Global CO2 emissions from cement production 1928-2018, Robbie M. Andrew, Kearney Energy Transition Institute, CEMBUREAU, UNDP, EPA, IEA; Kearney analysis",
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      "text": "Cement production is an energy- and emission-intensive process. Two types of GHG emissions: direct and indirect. Biomass can be used via direct combustion or transformation into producer gas.",
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      "text": "GHG emissions: 4%",
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      "text": "Drivers: Biomass blending, reduced fossil fuel use, GHG reduction, local economy, energy autonomy, landfill reduction, ash integration. Barriers: Variable availability, conditioning/transport costs, small-scale supply, storage.",
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      "text": "The cement industry was responsible for 4% of world global GHG emissions in 2018 and must find pathways toward decarbonization",
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      "text": "Biomass in cement kilns World overview",
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