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  "documentTitle": "Forecasting a Realistic Electricity Infrastructure Buildout for Medium- & Heavy-Duty Battery Electric Vehicles",
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  "authorName": "Roland Berger",
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      "text": "1) Based on \"overnight\" capital cost of grid infrastructure at current price levels - actual utility investment will be higher due to 1) price inflation of labor and equipment, and 2) Utility guaranteed rate of return\n2) Distribution grids will serve on-site and on-route charging demand from local fleets - long-haul trucks / highway charging stations will be served by the transmission grid and bulk power system",
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      "text": "1. To electrify all U.S. medium and heavy-duty vehicles, fleets and charge point operators will need to invest USD 620 billion into charging infrastructure - which includes chargers, site infrastructure, and utility service costs\n2. Local MDHD vehicles would need investment into on-site charging infrastructure of USD 496 B, but heavy-duty vehicles will require more significant charging infrastructure and investment compared to medium-duty - requiring average charging infrastructure investment of 145K per vehicle for heavy duty vs 54K per vehicle for medium-duty\n3. In addition to on-site charging infrastructure, high mileage vehicles (most of which are Class 7 and 8) require an investment of USD 69 bn into a reliable local on-route charging network before they can electrify, but utilization risk poses a major challenge to investment - requiring significant government intervention and business model innovation\n4. To support full electrification of long-haul vehicles, USD 57 bn need to be invested into the development of a sufficiently dense highway-charging network - development is constrained by the pace of transmission grid infrastructure buildout\n5. Nationally, just to support local charging demand from MDHD vehicles, utilities would need to invest around USD 370 billion on distribution grid upgrades and new builds, which is nearly equivalent what was invested into the entire distribution grid over the past 15 years\n6. In terms of electricity generation and transmission, while there will be some incremental capacity need (and investment need) created by MDHD charging, power system operators are already planning for significant generation and capacity growth, which exceeds projected demand from MDHD charging by a factor of ~10x",
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