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      "text": "Devolved, relationship based approach: Many other industries which require close cooperation across the supply chain have moved to more relationship based management approaches. These management approaches were initially pioneered in Japan but have subsequently been embraced across Western Europe and North America. Some European railways have started to adopt these approaches, e.g. Denmark. Relationship based approaches provide much greater flexibility to implement the right solution for each situation and to evolve over time as circumstances change and innovations occur. Contractual and regulatory protections will still be required, it is a question of how they are applied. Devolved decision making is an absolutely critical enabler of relationship based management approaches",
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      "text": "Centralised, contract based approach: Interactions between different rail industry participants are currently managed using a very contractual approach. Whilst a range of contractual and regulatory protections are absolutely necessary, the inflexible way in which these are currently applied stifles innovation and the adoption of new ways of working. It also discourages industry participants from challenging the status quo, which leads to specifications and standards becoming ossified. This problem is compounded by NR's highly centralised management approach",
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