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  "documentTitle": "Rail industry cost and revenue sharing (2011)",
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  "authorName": "L.E.K.",
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      "text": "There are 19 franchised passenger rail operators and a further 4 open access operators. Almost all are owned by the private sector. The current franchising system is based on tightly specified 7-10 year franchises but the DfT has announced its intention to move to longer, more flexible franchises which would give TOCs greater scope for innovation",
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      "text": "There are currently four major FOCs, all of which are owned by the private sector and are open access users of the network. Rail freight operators face intense competition from each other and with road freight. FOCs pay variable access charges but not fixed charges",
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      "text": "NR is the monopoly owner and operator of the national rail network, including track, signalling, power, civils and stations. NR has Company Limited by Guarantee (CLG) status, which means it operates as a private company but profits are reinvested in the network. It does not have any equity and all of its debt is currently guaranteed by government. NR's board is accountable to about 100 members. This members based governance regime is widely considered to be ineffective. Regulation, monitoring and reporting by ORR is currently the main mechanism through which NR is held to account. The ORR carried out extensive work during the PR08 process to assess NR's efficiency. It concluded that there was a significant efficiency gap between NR and top quartile comparators, but that the range of uncertainty over the size of this gap was significant",
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      "text": "ORR/ATOC/Network Rail. Rail industry cost and revenue sharing.",
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